Dynamics of Political Change in the Middle East

The dynamics of political change in the Middle East are very complex and influenced by various factors, including historical, economic and social. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the region has experienced waves of revolution, armed conflict and significant social transformation. One of the important moments in Middle Eastern political history was the Arab Spring in 2010. Peaceful protests that started in Tunisia spread to other countries such as Egypt, Libya, and Syria. This movement shows society’s deep desire for democratic change. However, results vary; while Egypt underwent a political transition, Libya was caught in chaos, and Syria was caught in a protracted civil war. Regional conflicts are also influenced by international alliances. The Syrian war has attracted various parties, including Russia and the United States, who have different geopolitical interests. This creates tensions between global and local powers that worsen conditions in the region. In an economic context, dependence on natural resources, especially oil, has shaped many government policies. Countries such as Saudi Arabia and the UAE are seeking to diversify their economies through initiatives such as Vision 2030, focusing on innovation and non-oil industries. However, economic injustice and high unemployment rates remain major problems that fuel social dissatisfaction. Around the 2020s, many countries in the Middle East began to adopt more inclusive reforms to address societal demands. Civil society plays an increasing role in politics, although many challenges remain regarding freedom of expression and human rights. Election results in countries such as Iraq demonstrate society’s increasing political engagement and demands for better representation. Geopolitics in the Middle East is also influenced by sectarian rivalries, especially between Sunnis and Shiites. The conflict in Yemen, involving Saudi Arabia (Sunni) and Iran (Shia), illustrates the impact of sectarianism on regional stability. These tensions create broader conflicts, influence the domestic politics of surrounding countries, and add to uncertainty. In addition, issues related to Israel and Palestine continue to be a source of instability. The stalled peace process, illegal settlements, and waves of violence make the situation even more complicated. Normalization deals between Israel and several Arab countries represent a shift in political dynamics, but do not fully address the root of the problem. Culture and identity also play a role in political dynamics. The younger generation in the Middle East, familiar with technology and social media, is increasingly vocal in expressing their aspirations. They demand that the government be responsible, transparent and more responsive to the needs of its people. In the face of these challenges, governments across the Middle East must adapt quickly. Political reform, social policy, and a focus on sustainable development are the keys. Readiness to innovate and listen to the voice of the people will determine future stability. In the midst of all these changes, the international community must also play a role in supporting peaceful solutions. Diplomacy and multilateral cooperation are important in dealing with issues concerning security and development in the Middle East. This region has great potential, but the process of productive political change requires time, commitment and joint efforts from all parties.